CBTF Publications

Publications

Framework for Reviewing National Wildlife Trade Policies.
21 October 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD:

Theme: Other. Type: Publication

This Framework was developed to provide CITES Parties with practical guidance and a methodology for reviewing existing wildlife trade policies and identifying opportunities to strengthen wildlife trade policy development and implementation. It is both a tool and a means for building capacity. Specifically, the Framework is designed to assist the professionals actually undertaking the reviews, whether they are staff within government ministries, national research institutions or other bodies. There is no connection between the Framework and compliance-related processes under CITES.

Social Dynamics and Wildlife Trade and Lessons Learned from Review of National Wildlife Trade Policy Review Processes. Research Report.
21 October 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD:

Theme: Other. Type: Publication

There is only a limited understanding of the social dynamics associated with wildlife trade and policies. Existing analysis remains relatively anecdotal and far from satisfactory in a context of increasing policy focus on strengthening pro-poor policy outcomes. There is only limited knowledge available allowing for informed decision-making on core livelihood concerns, particular types of vulnerabilities associated with wildlife trade and concrete opportunities allowing for more socially inclusive wildlife trade policy making. This study is an effort to fill this knowledge gap.

Evaluation de la politique nationale du commerce des espèces sauvages. Madagascar.
21 October 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD:

Theme: Other. Type: Publication

fr

Review of Nicaragua's Wildlife Trade Policy.
21 October 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD:

Theme: Other. Type: Publication

Nicaragua's biowealth and biodiversity are of national, regional and world importance. This has led to significant legal, but also illegal species trade, with consequences for the survival of many species of flora and fauna. The declines in wildlife populations have in turn adversely affected the living conditions of Nicaraguans, especially the poorest among them, who are directly dependent for their subsistence on natural resource use.

Some of the recommendations made by the national team include:
Draw up a wildlife trade policy and law containing among their key elements: species sustainability, replacement, incentives, fairness and viable financial mechanisms;
Strengthen institutional capacity, including the capacity of local offices, for the sustainable management of wildlife trade, focusing on effective use of the tools of monitoring, research, education, and information;
Enter into strategic alliances with universities, research centres and other bodies with the capacity to carry out monitoring, research and education conducive to the effective use of wildlife trade sustainability management tools; and
Unify and standardize, for use in monitoring and research systems, indicators and methodology for assessing the sustainability of CITES species in domestic and international trade.

Revision de la Politica de Comercio de Vida Silvestre de Nicaragua.
21 October 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD:

Theme: Other. Type: Publication

Report on the Review of Vietnam's Wildlife Trade Policy.
21 October 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD:

Theme: Other. Type: Publication

The report highlights that the current wildlife trade policies in Vietnam have provided the basic backbone for the management of the wildlife trade in the country. Under these policies, Vietnam has achieved many successes such as the effective management of the wildlife trade, and efforts to address the illegal trade. Moreover, the amount of captive breeding and artificial propagation and the number of people involved in the legal trade is increasing rapidly. The increase of the legal trade will mitigate the demand for wild harvesting and increase the income of people involved in the trade. Recommendations to solve some existing inconsistencies and to improve the policy are given in the report. The recommendations are made with the aim of harmonizing biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, thus ensuring the survival of wildlife.

Uganda.
21 October 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD:

Theme: Other. Type: Publication

The report reviews the existing legal and policy framework for wildlife trade in Uganda and identifies barriers that constrain the sustainable wildlife trade in the country. The study also identified the range of potential negative and positive social, economic and environmental impacts. Based on the case studies, it is observed that wildlife trade has potential to create conservation incentives for local communities and local authorities around protected areas. The report also proposes a range of mitigation measures that may be pursued to address the potential negative impacts of wildlife trade.

National Wildlife Trade Policy Review. Madagascar.
21 October 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD:

Theme: Other. Type: Publication

The findings of this project concern the general context of the national policy, its content and implementation, as well as some issues related to the qualitative assessment of the policy. The review reveals numerous gaps in the understanding of CITES, in its implementation and in relations between stakeholders. A lack of political will on the part of the Malagasy authorities is one of the main issues raised. The national project team made the following recommendations:
- Ensuring the participation of all stakeholders from the authorities to the local communities;
- Setting up a clearing house and a steering committee to support the implementation of CITES;
- Redirecting research and studies;
- Securing long-term funding for the system;
- Implementing regulatory legislative texts;
- Improving the control and communication system; and
- Finalizing incomplete activities from the 2003 action plan.

Organic Agriculture and Food Security in Africa.
29 September 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD: UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2007/15

Theme: Organic Agriculture. Type: Publication

Food security is an issue of great concern in many countries, particularly in Africa. The evidence presented in this study supports the argument that organic agriculture can be good for food security in Africa — equal or better than most conventional systems and more likely to be sustainable in the longer-term. The 15 case studies examined in-depth have shown increases in per hectare productivity for food crops, increased farmer incomes, environmental benefits, strengthened communities and enhanced human capital.

A Preliminary Analysis of MEA Experiences in Identifying and Facilitating the Transfer of Technology. What Insights Can Be Drawn for the WTO EGS Negotiations?.
13 May 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD:

Theme: Environmental Goods and Services. Type: Publication

Created through the process of multilateral negotiation and consensus building, MEAs provide a baseline of widely agreed upon environmental objectives. MEA Secretariats and their Parties have been engaged for a number of years in identifying relevant technology and promoting technology transfer as a step towards achieving these environmental goals. This paper examines this experience with a view to enriching WTO negotiations on the liberalization of trade in environmental goods and services. The paper provides a summary of provisions related to technology found in five of the major MEAs, including the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. The paper also provides an overview of the activities undertaken by the respective MEA Secretariats and their Parties in identifying technology and facilitating its transfer.

Best practices for organic policy: what developing country governments can do to promote the organic sector.
30 January 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD:

Theme: Organic Agriculture. Type: Publication

The ambition of this report is to give guidance to the development of appropriate policies for the organic sector. Its focus is mainly developing countries, but much of it is also applicable for developed countries. The report gives some general background about organic agriculture and the reasons to support the development of organic agriculture. These are among others:
protection of natural resources (e.g. water) and biodiversity;
improved quality of soils and thereby a long-term high productivity;
improved market access;
improved profitability in farming; and,
improved health, or reduced health risks for farmers, farm-workers and consumers.

Integrated Assessment of Uganda’s Organic Agriculture Sub-Sector. Economic Opportunities and Policy Options to Mitigate Negative Socio-economic and Environmental Impacts.
30 January 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD:

Theme: Organic Agriculture. Type: Publication

For the last half a century, agriculture has continued to be the dominant sector in Uganda’s economy contributing the highest percentage of GDP and accounting for the bulk of both formal and informal employment. The agriculture sector also provides the basis for livelihood and livelihood security of many people outside the formal food market especially in the rural areas. Indeed, with Uganda’s total population projected to reach a staggering 129.1 million by 2050,1 a dynamic and robust agriculture sector is critical in ensuring the provision of adequate food for the population. Even from an economic perspective, agriculture is still recognized officially as the key engine of national growth. Hence the progressive transitioning of the national economy from a nature-based economy that it is today to a robust industrial, services or a knowledge-based economy has to be founded on agriculture.

Organic Agriculture in Kenya: An Integrated Assessment for Policy Advocacy.
30 January 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD:

Theme: Organic Agriculture. Type: Publication

Since 2004 nine countries have participated in a UNEP-sponsored Integrated Assessment and Planning (IAP) initiative. The objective has been to enhance the capacity of the institutions in developing countries and transition economies to improve their policy making processes and design and implement policies that generate developmental and trade benefits, reduce poverty, and enhance environmental sustainability. This report is supposed to be an additional contribution to the UNEP-IAP initiative for the purpose of promoting production and trading opportunities of OA products from East Africa.

The Integrated Assessment of Organic Agriculture in Tanzania Policy Options for Promoting Production and Trading Opportunities for Organic Agriculture.
30 January 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD:

Theme: Organic Agriculture. Type: Publication

This report presents an Integrated Assessment of organic agriculture (OA) in Tanzania, with cashew nut, honey and coffee as case studies of organically produced crops. It is intended to provide a justification for more policy support to OA sub-sector. The study is part of a wider East African programme supported by UNEP-UNCTAD-Capacity Building Task Force CBTF) on Trade, Environment and Development to promote organic agriculture production and trade. ENVIROCARE is facilitating the implementation of the project in Tanzania under the overall guidance of the Tanzania Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives.

Update on Activities, 2007 Review.
18 December 2007. UNEP/ UNCTAD:

Theme: Other. Type: Newsletter

In 2007, UNEP-UNCTAD CBTF provided capacity building assistance to over 675 individuals through sixteen workshops in eight countries over four continents and finalised seven studies and reports. The year’s major achievement was the completion and official launching of the East African Organic Products Standard adopted as a voluntary standard by the East African countries. In addition, four new country projects to build capacity for wildlife trade policy reviews were launched in Madagascar, Nicaragua, Uganda and Viet Nam.

Overview of the Current State of Organic Agriculture in Kenya, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania and the Opportunities for Regional Harmonization.
15 February 2007. UNEP/ UNCTAD: UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2005/16

Theme: Organic Agriculture. Type: Publication

Organic agriculture is a promising trade and sustainable development opportunity for East African farmers. This study provides an overview of the current state of organic agriculture in Kenya, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. For each country, information is provided on the organic sector stakeholders, production, domestic markets, exports, standards, certification and policies. It also highlights the potential benefits of increased regional cooperation in this area, including harmonization of organic standards. Finally, the study makes a number of recommendations to promote the further development of this vibrant sector

E-news. Update on activities, April 2006.
01 April 2006. UNEP/ UNCTAD:

Theme: Other. Type: Newsletter

Basel Convention Workshop Reports: Used Lead Acid Batteries: Central America and the Caribbean 18-20 November 2002.
01 January 2006. UNEP:

Theme: Environmental Goods and Services. Type: Publication

Poor management of used lead acid batteries (ULAB) can pose serious threats to the population health and the aquatic and terrestrial environment in the region. This report is therefore a compilation of presentations and round table discussions held during the workshop, with the country assessments highlighting the problems faced in the life cycle of a battery. The working sessions indicated issues such as abandoned stockpiles of ULAB, and unsound recovery and recycling practices, and discussed means of generating awareness and improving the existing mechanisms by sharing and improving technologies and harmonizing the legislation on the management of ULAB. The recommendations also aim towards using political and economic instruments to enhance the incentives for regional cooperation and in developing an integrated approach to ULAB collection, storage, transport, shipping and recycling

Sustainable Use of Natural Resources in the Context of Trade Liberalization and Export Growth in Indonesia: A Study on the Use of Economic Instruments in the Pulp and Paper Industry.
01 January 2006. UNEP:

Theme: Environmental Goods and Services. Type: Publication

This study is done keeping in mind that the Indonesian government is focusing on internalising environmental implications of trade liberalization and export growth in the industrial sector by promoting incentive measures for efficient and sustainable use of natural resources for private sector growth. However, the relative lack of data and analysis of real life situations has been hampering the design of policy to encourage sustainable use of natural resources. This study therefore identifies and reviews existing environmental policies in the Indonesian pulp and paper industry. It offers a detailed assessment of existing market-based incentives, and proposes an effluent charge to abate pollution in the pulp & paper industry. The aim is to promote the use of economic instruments for environment protection, by providing in-depth analysis, a comprehensive assessment, and a policy proposal for the utilization of economic instruments for others wishing to introduce them

E-news. Update on activities, Dec 2005.
20 December 2005. UNEP/ UNCTAD:

Theme: Other. Type: Newsletter

Effects of Trade Liberalization on Agriculture in Lebanon: With special focus on products where methyl bromide is used.
01 August 2005. UNEP: DTI/0620/PA

Theme: Organic Agriculture. Type: Publication

The government of Lebanon has introduced various policies and measures to reduce the impact of trade on the environment. Amongst these policies is phasing out the use of methyl bromide on selected agricultural crops in light of Lebanon’s trade liberalization efforts and commitments under the Montreal Protocol. This study determines the environmental impacts of Lebanon’s trade in greenhouse agricultural products using methyl bromide and assesses the potential impacts (environmental, economic, health and social) that would result from phasing it out. Results indicate that while no single method will adequately replace use of methyl bromide, farmers were generally pleased with the results obtained with the various alternatives and are adjusting their production accordingly. A two-phase policy for a total phasing out of methyl bromide is proposed as well as recommendations to conduct further studies to analyse the effects of trade liberalization on agriculture in Lebanon.

E-news. Update on Phase II activities.
01 August 2005. UNEP/ UNCTAD:

Theme: Other. Type: Newsletter

CBTF brochure.
01 July 2005. UNEP/ UNCTAD:

Theme: Other. Type: Brochure & Flyer

Special Newsletter for the Mauritius International Meeting (Barbados + 10) Mauritius, 10 – 14 January 2005.
01 January 2005. UNCTAD:

Theme: Other. Type: Newsletter

		Social Dynamics and Wildlife Trade and Lessons Learned from Review of National Wildlife Trade Policy Review Processes. Research Report. 21 October 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD: Theme: Other. Type: Publication There is only a limited understanding of the social dynamics associated with wildlife trade and policies. Existing analysis remains relatively anecdotal and far from satisfactory in a context of increasing policy focus on strengthening pro-poor policy outcomes. There is only limited knowledge available allowing for informed decision-making on core livelihood concerns, particular types of vulnerabilities associated with wildlife trade and concrete opportunities allowing for more socially inclusive wildlife trade policy making. This study is an effort to fill this knowledge gap.

		Evaluation de la politique nationale du commerce des espèces sauvages. Madagascar. 21 October 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD: Theme: Other. Type: Publication fr

		Review of Nicaragua's Wildlife Trade Policy. 21 October 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD: Theme: Other. Type: Publication Nicaragua's biowealth and biodiversity are of national, regional and world importance. This has led to significant legal, but also illegal species trade, with consequences for the survival of many species of flora and fauna. The declines in wildlife populations have in turn adversely affected the living conditions of Nicaraguans, especially the poorest among them, who are directly dependent for their subsistence on natural resource use. Some of the recommendations made by the national team include: Draw up a wildlife trade policy and law containing among their key elements: species sustainability, replacement, incentives, fairness and viable financial mechanisms; Strengthen institutional capacity, including the capacity of local offices, for the sustainable management of wildlife trade, focusing on effective use of the tools of monitoring, research, education, and information; Enter into strategic alliances with universities, research centres and other bodies with the capacity to carry out monitoring, research and education conducive to the effective use of wildlife trade sustainability management tools; and Unify and standardize, for use in monitoring and research systems, indicators and methodology for assessing the sustainability of CITES species in domestic and international trade.

		Revision de la Politica de Comercio de Vida Silvestre de Nicaragua. 21 October 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD: Theme: Other. Type: Publication

		Report on the Review of Vietnam's Wildlife Trade Policy. 21 October 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD: Theme: Other. Type: Publication The report highlights that the current wildlife trade policies in Vietnam have provided the basic backbone for the management of the wildlife trade in the country. Under these policies, Vietnam has achieved many successes such as the effective management of the wildlife trade, and efforts to address the illegal trade. Moreover, the amount of captive breeding and artificial propagation and the number of people involved in the legal trade is increasing rapidly. The increase of the legal trade will mitigate the demand for wild harvesting and increase the income of people involved in the trade. Recommendations to solve some existing inconsistencies and to improve the policy are given in the report. The recommendations are made with the aim of harmonizing biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, thus ensuring the survival of wildlife.

		Uganda. 21 October 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD: Theme: Other. Type: Publication The report reviews the existing legal and policy framework for wildlife trade in Uganda and identifies barriers that constrain the sustainable wildlife trade in the country. The study also identified the range of potential negative and positive social, economic and environmental impacts. Based on the case studies, it is observed that wildlife trade has potential to create conservation incentives for local communities and local authorities around protected areas. The report also proposes a range of mitigation measures that may be pursued to address the potential negative impacts of wildlife trade.

		National Wildlife Trade Policy Review. Madagascar. 21 October 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD: Theme: Other. Type: Publication The findings of this project concern the general context of the national policy, its content and implementation, as well as some issues related to the qualitative assessment of the policy. The review reveals numerous gaps in the understanding of CITES, in its implementation and in relations between stakeholders. A lack of political will on the part of the Malagasy authorities is one of the main issues raised. The national project team made the following recommendations: - Ensuring the participation of all stakeholders from the authorities to the local communities; - Setting up a clearing house and a steering committee to support the implementation of CITES; - Redirecting research and studies; - Securing long-term funding for the system; - Implementing regulatory legislative texts; - Improving the control and communication system; and - Finalizing incomplete activities from the 2003 action plan.

		Organic Agriculture and Food Security in Africa. 29 September 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD: UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2007/15 Theme: Organic Agriculture. Type: Publication Food security is an issue of great concern in many countries, particularly in Africa. The evidence presented in this study supports the argument that organic agriculture can be good for food security in Africa — equal or better than most conventional systems and more likely to be sustainable in the longer-term. The 15 case studies examined in-depth have shown increases in per hectare productivity for food crops, increased farmer incomes, environmental benefits, strengthened communities and enhanced human capital.

		A Preliminary Analysis of MEA Experiences in Identifying and Facilitating the Transfer of Technology. What Insights Can Be Drawn for the WTO EGS Negotiations?. 13 May 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD: Theme: Environmental Goods and Services. Type: Publication Created through the process of multilateral negotiation and consensus building, MEAs provide a baseline of widely agreed upon environmental objectives. MEA Secretariats and their Parties have been engaged for a number of years in identifying relevant technology and promoting technology transfer as a step towards achieving these environmental goals. This paper examines this experience with a view to enriching WTO negotiations on the liberalization of trade in environmental goods and services. The paper provides a summary of provisions related to technology found in five of the major MEAs, including the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. The paper also provides an overview of the activities undertaken by the respective MEA Secretariats and their Parties in identifying technology and facilitating its transfer.

		Best practices for organic policy: what developing country governments can do to promote the organic sector. 30 January 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD: Theme: Organic Agriculture. Type: Publication The ambition of this report is to give guidance to the development of appropriate policies for the organic sector. Its focus is mainly developing countries, but much of it is also applicable for developed countries. The report gives some general background about organic agriculture and the reasons to support the development of organic agriculture. These are among others: protection of natural resources (e.g. water) and biodiversity; improved quality of soils and thereby a long-term high productivity; improved market access; improved profitability in farming; and, improved health, or reduced health risks for farmers, farm-workers and consumers.

		Integrated Assessment of Uganda’s Organic Agriculture Sub-Sector. Economic Opportunities and Policy Options to Mitigate Negative Socio-economic and Environmental Impacts. 30 January 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD: Theme: Organic Agriculture. Type: Publication For the last half a century, agriculture has continued to be the dominant sector in Uganda’s economy contributing the highest percentage of GDP and accounting for the bulk of both formal and informal employment. The agriculture sector also provides the basis for livelihood and livelihood security of many people outside the formal food market especially in the rural areas. Indeed, with Uganda’s total population projected to reach a staggering 129.1 million by 2050,1 a dynamic and robust agriculture sector is critical in ensuring the provision of adequate food for the population. Even from an economic perspective, agriculture is still recognized officially as the key engine of national growth. Hence the progressive transitioning of the national economy from a nature-based economy that it is today to a robust industrial, services or a knowledge-based economy has to be founded on agriculture.

		Organic Agriculture in Kenya: An Integrated Assessment for Policy Advocacy. 30 January 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD: Theme: Organic Agriculture. Type: Publication Since 2004 nine countries have participated in a UNEP-sponsored Integrated Assessment and Planning (IAP) initiative. The objective has been to enhance the capacity of the institutions in developing countries and transition economies to improve their policy making processes and design and implement policies that generate developmental and trade benefits, reduce poverty, and enhance environmental sustainability. This report is supposed to be an additional contribution to the UNEP-IAP initiative for the purpose of promoting production and trading opportunities of OA products from East Africa.

		The Integrated Assessment of Organic Agriculture in Tanzania Policy Options for Promoting Production and Trading Opportunities for Organic Agriculture. 30 January 2008. UNEP/ UNCTAD: Theme: Organic Agriculture. Type: Publication This report presents an Integrated Assessment of organic agriculture (OA) in Tanzania, with cashew nut, honey and coffee as case studies of organically produced crops. It is intended to provide a justification for more policy support to OA sub-sector. The study is part of a wider East African programme supported by UNEP-UNCTAD-Capacity Building Task Force CBTF) on Trade, Environment and Development to promote organic agriculture production and trade. ENVIROCARE is facilitating the implementation of the project in Tanzania under the overall guidance of the Tanzania Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Cooperatives.

		Update on Activities, 2007 Review. 18 December 2007. UNEP/ UNCTAD: Theme: Other. Type: Newsletter In 2007, UNEP-UNCTAD CBTF provided capacity building assistance to over 675 individuals through sixteen workshops in eight countries over four continents and finalised seven studies and reports. The year’s major achievement was the completion and official launching of the East African Organic Products Standard adopted as a voluntary standard by the East African countries. In addition, four new country projects to build capacity for wildlife trade policy reviews were launched in Madagascar, Nicaragua, Uganda and Viet Nam.

		Overview of the Current State of Organic Agriculture in Kenya, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania and the Opportunities for Regional Harmonization. 15 February 2007. UNEP/ UNCTAD: UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2005/16 Theme: Organic Agriculture. Type: Publication Organic agriculture is a promising trade and sustainable development opportunity for East African farmers. This study provides an overview of the current state of organic agriculture in Kenya, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. For each country, information is provided on the organic sector stakeholders, production, domestic markets, exports, standards, certification and policies. It also highlights the potential benefits of increased regional cooperation in this area, including harmonization of organic standards. Finally, the study makes a number of recommendations to promote the further development of this vibrant sector

		E-news. Update on activities, April 2006. 01 April 2006. UNEP/ UNCTAD: Theme: Other. Type: Newsletter

		Basel Convention Workshop Reports: Used Lead Acid Batteries: Central America and the Caribbean 18-20 November 2002. 01 January 2006. UNEP: Theme: Environmental Goods and Services. Type: Publication Poor management of used lead acid batteries (ULAB) can pose serious threats to the population health and the aquatic and terrestrial environment in the region. This report is therefore a compilation of presentations and round table discussions held during the workshop, with the country assessments highlighting the problems faced in the life cycle of a battery. The working sessions indicated issues such as abandoned stockpiles of ULAB, and unsound recovery and recycling practices, and discussed means of generating awareness and improving the existing mechanisms by sharing and improving technologies and harmonizing the legislation on the management of ULAB. The recommendations also aim towards using political and economic instruments to enhance the incentives for regional cooperation and in developing an integrated approach to ULAB collection, storage, transport, shipping and recycling

		Sustainable Use of Natural Resources in the Context of Trade Liberalization and Export Growth in Indonesia: A Study on the Use of Economic Instruments in the Pulp and Paper Industry. 01 January 2006. UNEP: Theme: Environmental Goods and Services. Type: Publication This study is done keeping in mind that the Indonesian government is focusing on internalising environmental implications of trade liberalization and export growth in the industrial sector by promoting incentive measures for efficient and sustainable use of natural resources for private sector growth. However, the relative lack of data and analysis of real life situations has been hampering the design of policy to encourage sustainable use of natural resources. This study therefore identifies and reviews existing environmental policies in the Indonesian pulp and paper industry. It offers a detailed assessment of existing market-based incentives, and proposes an effluent charge to abate pollution in the pulp & paper industry. The aim is to promote the use of economic instruments for environment protection, by providing in-depth analysis, a comprehensive assessment, and a policy proposal for the utilization of economic instruments for others wishing to introduce them

		E-news. Update on activities, Dec 2005. 20 December 2005. UNEP/ UNCTAD: Theme: Other. Type: Newsletter

		Effects of Trade Liberalization on Agriculture in Lebanon: With special focus on products where methyl bromide is used. 01 August 2005. UNEP: DTI/0620/PA Theme: Organic Agriculture. Type: Publication The government of Lebanon has introduced various policies and measures to reduce the impact of trade on the environment. Amongst these policies is phasing out the use of methyl bromide on selected agricultural crops in light of Lebanon’s trade liberalization efforts and commitments under the Montreal Protocol. This study determines the environmental impacts of Lebanon’s trade in greenhouse agricultural products using methyl bromide and assesses the potential impacts (environmental, economic, health and social) that would result from phasing it out. Results indicate that while no single method will adequately replace use of methyl bromide, farmers were generally pleased with the results obtained with the various alternatives and are adjusting their production accordingly. A two-phase policy for a total phasing out of methyl bromide is proposed as well as recommendations to conduct further studies to analyse the effects of trade liberalization on agriculture in Lebanon.

		E-news. Update on Phase II activities. 01 August 2005. UNEP/ UNCTAD: Theme: Other. Type: Newsletter

		CBTF brochure. 01 July 2005. UNEP/ UNCTAD: Theme: Other. Type: Brochure & Flyer

		Special Newsletter for the Mauritius International Meeting (Barbados + 10) Mauritius, 10 – 14 January 2005. 01 January 2005. UNCTAD: Theme: Other. Type: Newsletter